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324 lines
12 KiB
Markdown
324 lines
12 KiB
Markdown
# 如何配置 IKEv2 VPN: Windows 7 和更新版本
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*其他语言版本: [English](ikev2-howto.md), [简体中文](ikev2-howto-zh.md).*
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---
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**重要提示：** 本指南仅适用于**高级用户**。其他用户请使用 <a href="clients-zh.md" target="_blank">IPsec/L2TP</a> 或者 <a href="clients-xauth-zh.md" target="_blank">IPsec/XAuth</a>。
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---
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Windows 7 和更新版本支持 IKEv2 协议标准，通过 Microsoft 的 Agile VPN 功能来实现。因特网密钥交换 （英语：Internet Key Exchange，简称 IKE 或 IKEv2）是一种网络协议，归属于 IPsec 协议族之下，用以创建安全关联 (Security Association, SA)。与 IKE 版本 1 相比较，IKEv2 带来许多<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Key_Exchange#Improvements_with_IKEv2" target="_blank">功能改进</a>，比如通过 MOBIKE 实现 Standard Mobility 支持，以及更高的可靠性。
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Libreswan 支持通过使用 RSA 签名算法的 X.509 Machine Certificates 来对 IKEv2 客户端进行身份验证。该方法无需 IPsec PSK, 用户名或密码。它可以用于以下系统：
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- Windows 7, 8.x 和 10
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- Windows Phone 8.1 及以上
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- strongSwan Android VPN 客户端
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- <a href="https://github.com/gaomd/docker-ikev2-vpn-server" target="_blank">iOS (iPhone/iPad) 和 OS X (macOS)</a> <-- 请参见
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下面举例说明如何在 Libreswan 上配置 IKEv2。以下命令必须用 `root` 账户运行。
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在继续之前，请确保你已经成功地 <a href="https://github.com/hwdsl2/setup-ipsec-vpn/blob/master/README-zh.md" target="_blank">搭建自己的 VPN 服务器</a>。
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1. 获取服务器的公共和私有 IP 地址，并确保它们的值非空。注意，这两个 IP 地址可以相同。
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```bash
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$ PUBLIC_IP=$(wget -t 3 -T 15 -qO- http://ipv4.icanhazip.com)
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$ PRIVATE_IP=$(ip -4 route get 1 | awk '{print $NF;exit}')
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$ echo "$PUBLIC_IP"
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（检查显示的 public IP）
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$ echo "$PRIVATE_IP"
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（检查显示的 private IP）
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```
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1. 在 `/etc/ipsec.conf` 文件中添加一个新的 IKEv2 连接:
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```bash
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$ cat >> /etc/ipsec.conf <<EOF
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conn ikev2-cp
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left=$PRIVATE_IP
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leftcert=$PUBLIC_IP
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leftid=@$PUBLIC_IP
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leftsendcert=always
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leftsubnet=0.0.0.0/0
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leftrsasigkey=%cert
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right=%any
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rightaddresspool=192.168.43.10-192.168.43.250
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rightca=%same
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rightrsasigkey=%cert
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modecfgdns1=8.8.8.8
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modecfgdns2=8.8.4.4
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narrowing=yes
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dpddelay=30
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dpdtimeout=120
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dpdaction=clear
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auto=add
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ikev2=insist
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rekey=no
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fragmentation=yes
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ike=3des-sha1,3des-sha1;modp1024,aes-sha1,aes-sha1;modp1024,aes-sha2,aes-sha2;modp1024
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phase2alg=3des-sha1,aes-sha1,aes-sha2
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EOF
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```
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还需要在该文件中添加一行，根据 Libreswan 的版本而不同。请运行以下命令：
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```bash
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$ if /usr/local/sbin/ipsec --version | grep -qs -F "3.19"; then
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echo " encapsulation=yes" >> /etc/ipsec.conf
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else
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echo " forceencaps=yes" >> /etc/ipsec.conf
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fi
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```
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1. 生成 Certificate Authority (CA) 和 VPN 服务器证书：
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注： 使用 "-v" 参数指定证书的有效期（单位：月），例如 "-v 36"。
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```bash
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$ certutil -S -x -n "Example CA" -s "O=Example,CN=Example CA" -k rsa -g 4096 -v 36 -d sql:/etc/ipsec.d -t "CT,," -2
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A random seed must be generated that will be used in the
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creation of your key. One of the easiest ways to create a
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random seed is to use the timing of keystrokes on a keyboard.
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To begin, type keys on the keyboard until this progress meter
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is full. DO NOT USE THE AUTOREPEAT FUNCTION ON YOUR KEYBOARD!
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Continue typing until the progress meter is full:
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|************************************************************|
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Finished. Press enter to continue:
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Generating key. This may take a few moments...
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Is this a CA certificate [y/N]?
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y
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Enter the path length constraint, enter to skip [<0 for unlimited path]: >
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Is this a critical extension [y/N]?
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N
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$ certutil -S -c "Example CA" -n "$PUBLIC_IP" -s "O=Example,CN=$PUBLIC_IP" -k rsa -g 4096 -v 36 -d sql:/etc/ipsec.d -t ",," -1 -6 -8 "$PUBLIC_IP"
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A random seed must be generated that will be used in the
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creation of your key. One of the easiest ways to create a
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random seed is to use the timing of keystrokes on a keyboard.
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To begin, type keys on the keyboard until this progress meter
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is full. DO NOT USE THE AUTOREPEAT FUNCTION ON YOUR KEYBOARD!
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Continue typing until the progress meter is full:
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|************************************************************|
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Finished. Press enter to continue:
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Generating key. This may take a few moments...
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0 - Digital Signature
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1 - Non-repudiation
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2 - Key encipherment
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3 - Data encipherment
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4 - Key agreement
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5 - Cert signing key
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6 - CRL signing key
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Other to finish
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> 0
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0 - Digital Signature
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1 - Non-repudiation
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2 - Key encipherment
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3 - Data encipherment
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4 - Key agreement
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5 - Cert signing key
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6 - CRL signing key
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Other to finish
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> 2
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0 - Digital Signature
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1 - Non-repudiation
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2 - Key encipherment
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3 - Data encipherment
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4 - Key agreement
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5 - Cert signing key
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6 - CRL signing key
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Other to finish
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> 8
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Is this a critical extension [y/N]?
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N
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0 - Server Auth
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1 - Client Auth
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2 - Code Signing
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3 - Email Protection
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4 - Timestamp
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5 - OCSP Responder
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6 - Step-up
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7 - Microsoft Trust List Signing
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Other to finish
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> 0
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0 - Server Auth
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1 - Client Auth
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2 - Code Signing
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3 - Email Protection
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4 - Timestamp
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5 - OCSP Responder
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6 - Step-up
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7 - Microsoft Trust List Signing
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Other to finish
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> 8
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Is this a critical extension [y/N]?
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N
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```
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1. 生成客户端证书，并且导出 `.p12` 文件。该文件包含客户端证书，私钥以及 CA 证书：
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```bash
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$ certutil -S -c "Example CA" -n "vpnclient" -s "O=Example,CN=vpnclient" -k rsa -g 4096 -v 36 -d sql:/etc/ipsec.d -t ",," -1 -6 -8 "vpnclient"
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A random seed must be generated that will be used in the
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creation of your key. One of the easiest ways to create a
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random seed is to use the timing of keystrokes on a keyboard.
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To begin, type keys on the keyboard until this progress meter
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is full. DO NOT USE THE AUTOREPEAT FUNCTION ON YOUR KEYBOARD!
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Continue typing until the progress meter is full:
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|************************************************************|
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Finished. Press enter to continue:
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Generating key. This may take a few moments...
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0 - Digital Signature
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1 - Non-repudiation
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2 - Key encipherment
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3 - Data encipherment
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4 - Key agreement
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5 - Cert signing key
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6 - CRL signing key
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Other to finish
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> 0
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0 - Digital Signature
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1 - Non-repudiation
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2 - Key encipherment
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3 - Data encipherment
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4 - Key agreement
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5 - Cert signing key
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6 - CRL signing key
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Other to finish
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> 2
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0 - Digital Signature
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1 - Non-repudiation
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2 - Key encipherment
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3 - Data encipherment
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4 - Key agreement
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5 - Cert signing key
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6 - CRL signing key
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Other to finish
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> 8
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Is this a critical extension [y/N]?
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N
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0 - Server Auth
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1 - Client Auth
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2 - Code Signing
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3 - Email Protection
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4 - Timestamp
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5 - OCSP Responder
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6 - Step-up
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7 - Microsoft Trust List Signing
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Other to finish
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> 0
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0 - Server Auth
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1 - Client Auth
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2 - Code Signing
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3 - Email Protection
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4 - Timestamp
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5 - OCSP Responder
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6 - Step-up
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7 - Microsoft Trust List Signing
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Other to finish
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> 1
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0 - Server Auth
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1 - Client Auth
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2 - Code Signing
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3 - Email Protection
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4 - Timestamp
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5 - OCSP Responder
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6 - Step-up
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7 - Microsoft Trust List Signing
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Other to finish
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> 8
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Is this a critical extension [y/N]?
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N
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$ pk12util -o vpnclient.p12 -n "vpnclient" -d sql:/etc/ipsec.d
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Enter password for PKCS12 file:
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Re-enter password:
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pk12util: PKCS12 EXPORT SUCCESSFUL
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```
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可以重复该步骤来为更多的客户端生成证书，但必须把所有的 `vpnclient` 换成 `vpnclient2`，等等。
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1. 证书数据库现在应该包含以下内容：
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```bash
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$ certutil -L -d sql:/etc/ipsec.d
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Certificate Nickname Trust Attributes
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SSL,S/MIME,JAR/XPI
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Example CA CTu,u,u
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($PUBLIC_IP) u,u,u
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vpnclient u,u,u
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```
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注：如需删除证书，可运行命令 `certutil -D -d sql:/etc/ipsec.d -n "Certificate Nickname"`。
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1. 重启 IPsec 服务：
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```bash
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$ service ipsec restart
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```
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1. 文件 `vpnclient.p12` 应该被安全地传送到 VPN 客户端设备。下一步：
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#### Windows 7, 8.x 和 10
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将 `.p12` 文件导入到 "计算机账户" 证书存储。在导入证书后，你必须确保将客户端证书放在 "个人 -> 证书" 目录中，并且将 CA 证书放在 "受信任的根证书颁发机构 -> 证书" 目录中。
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详细的操作步骤：
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https://wiki.strongswan.org/projects/strongswan/wiki/Win7Certs
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在 Windows 计算机上添加一个新的 IKEv2 VPN 连接：
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https://wiki.strongswan.org/projects/strongswan/wiki/Win7Config
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启用新的 IKEv2 VPN 连接，并且开始使用自己的专属 VPN！
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https://wiki.strongswan.org/projects/strongswan/wiki/Win7Connect
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（可选步骤） 如需启用更安全的加密方式，可以添加 <a href="https://wiki.strongswan.org/projects/strongswan/wiki/Windows7#AES-256-CBC-and-MODP2048" target="_blank">这个注册表键</a> 并重启。
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#### Windows Phone 8.1 及以上
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首先导入 `.p12` 文件，然后参照 <a href="https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/dn673608.aspx" target="_blank">这些说明</a> 配置一个基于证书的 IKEv2 VPN。
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#### Android 4.x 和更新版本
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请参见： https://wiki.strongswan.org/projects/strongswan/wiki/AndroidVpnClient
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连接成功后，你可以到 <a href="https://www.ipchicken.com" target="_blank">这里</a> 检测你的 IP 地址，应该显示为`你的 VPN 服务器 IP`。
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## 已知问题
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Windows 7 和更新版本自带的 VPN 客户端不支持 IKEv2 fragmentation。在有些网络上，这可能会导致连接错误，或者可能在连接后无法打开任何网站。如果出现这些问题，请首先尝试 <a href="clients-zh.md#故障排除" target="_blank">这个解决方案</a>。如果仍然无法解决，请使用 <a href="clients-zh.md" target="_blank">IPsec/L2TP</a> 或者 <a href="clients-xauth-zh.md" target="_blank">IPsec/XAuth</a> 模式连接。
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## 参考链接
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* https://libreswan.org/wiki/VPN_server_for_remote_clients_using_IKEv2
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* https://libreswan.org/wiki/HOWTO:_Using_NSS_with_libreswan
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* https://libreswan.org/man/ipsec.conf.5.html
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* https://wiki.strongswan.org/projects/strongswan/wiki/Windows7
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